Consumers across the country are worried that managed care plans will not provide them with the health care they need when they are sick. According to a recent survey by The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation and the Harvard School of Public Health,1 almost three out of five Americans say that managed care plans make it harder for sick people to see medical specialists. Over half say managed care has decreased the quality of care for people who are sick. More than three out of five say managed care has reduced the amount of time doctors spend with patients. And 55 percent say they are at least "somewhat worried" that if they are sick their "health plan would be more concerned about saving money than about what is the best medical treatment."
Due to these concerns as well as a nationwide backlash against managed care, numerous states have adopted legislation designed to establish rights for health care consumers. The President's Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry has proposed a series of consumer rights for all Americans.2 Similarly, Kaiser Permanente, HIP Insurance Plans, and Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound joined in calling for "legally enforceable standards" applicable to HMOs.3 Congress may soon consider legislation embodying some or all of these proposals.
As Congress moves closer to considering such proposals, the managed care industry—is undertaking an expensive campaign to defeat consumer protection legislation.4 The industry argues that consumer protection legislation will be costly to America's consumers and will make health insurance less affordable. Opponents and proponents of consumer protection bills are disseminating widely varying estimates of the costs associated with pending managed care bills,5 while the Congressional Budget Office estimates that the Consumer Bill of Rights proposed by the President's Advisory Commission will add only 0.3 percent to existing premiums.6In keeping with the industry's accentuated focus on costs, this report analyzes a very different facet of managed care costs—namely, the costs associated with compensation for high-level HMO executives. The report examines 1996 executive compensation for the 20 for-profit, publicly traded companies that owned HMOs with enrollments over 100,000.7 These 20 companies owned 64 of the nation's largest HMOs in 1996. Only publicly traded companies are required to submit compensation data to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); nonprofit and private companies are not required to report compensation to the SEC and therefore could not be included in this analysis.
This report is based entirely on each company's public filings with the SEC concerning executive compensation for their five highest-paid executives.8 The information collected from the SEC for this report includes two categories of executive remuneration, namely: (1) total annual compensation in 1996 exclusive of unexercised stock options, and (2) the value of unexercised stock options. These two forms of remuneration are clearly differentiated in the analysis.
Total annual compensation in 1996 exclusive of unexercised stock options: This first category of self-reported remuneration includes executives' salaries, bonuses, other compensation (including retirement plans, automobile and travel allowances, relocation expenses, value of life insurance), restricted stock awards (the value of stock awards given to executives in 1996), Long Term Incentive Payouts, or LTIPs (payments received in cash or stock for reaching specified performance goals), and exercised stock options (stock options that executives cashed in during 1996).
The value of unexercised stock options: This second category of self-reported remuneration involves stock options awarded in 1996 or earlier that have not yet been exercised. The value of these stock options is self-reported by each company based on SEC-approved methodologies. As described more fully in the methodology section, the value reported by companies is designed to indicate the potential value of stock options awarded in 1996 and the current market value of the unexercised options awarded in previous years.
The 25 highest paid executives in the 20 companies studied made $153.8 million in annual compensation, excluding unexercised stock options, in 1996. The average compensation for these 25 executives was over $6.2 million per executive. The median compensation for these 25 executives was over $4.8 million.
1996 Annual Compensation Exclusive of Unexercised Stock Options
1. Stephen Wiggins, CEO, Oxford Health Plans, Inc. — $29,061,599
2. Wilson Taylor, Chairman and CEO, CIGNA Corporation— $11,568,410
3. David Snow, Executive Vice President, Oxford Health Plans, Inc. — $10,403,451
4. Robert Smoler, Executive Vice President, Oxford Health Plans, Inc. — $10,085,972
5. William Sullivan, President, Oxford Health Plans, Inc.— $7,823,076
6. Joseph Sebastianelli, President, Aetna, Inc. — $7,394,506
7. Michael Cardillo, Executive Vice President, Aetna, Inc.— $7,069,969
8. Leonard Schaeffer, Chairman and CEO, WellPoint Health Networks, Inc.— $7,010,698
9. George Jochum, President and CEO, Mid-Atlantic Medical Services, Inc. — $6,526,065
10. Ronald Compton, Chairman and CEO, Aetna, Inc.— $5,813,287
11. Wayne Smith, Former President, Humana, Inc.— $5,166,575
12. James Stewart, Executive Vice President, CIGNA Corporation— $4,832,799
13. Richard Huber, Vice Chairman, Aetna, Inc.— $4,801,841
14. Roger Taylor, Executive
Vice President, PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc.
— $4,103,864
15. Daniel Crowley, CEO and President, Foundation Health Corporation— $3,849,023
16. Gerald Isom, President, Property and Casualty, CIGNA Corporation — $3,778,293
17. Alan Hoops, President and CEO, PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc.— $3,221,602
18. Daniel Kearney, Executive Vice President, Aetna, Inc — $3,189,272
19. D. Mark Weinberg,
Executive Vice President, WellPoint Health Networks, Inc.
— $3,009,944
20. Donald Levinson, Executive Vice President, CIGNA Corporation — $2,985,017
21. Ronald Williams,
Executive Vice President, WellPoint Health Networks, Inc.
— $2,827,381
22. Allen Wise, Executive
Vice President, United HealthCare Corporation
— $2,697,751
23. Jeffrey Elder, Senior Vice President, Foundation Health Corporation— $2,235,783
24. H. Edward Hanway,
President CIGNA HealthCare, CIGNA
Corporation— $2,217,711
25. Kirk Benson, President and COO, Foundation Health Corporation— $2,104,414
The 25 executives with the largest unexercised stock option packages in 1996 had stock options valued at $337.4 million. The average value of unexercised stock options for these 25 executives was $13.5 million. The median unexercised stock option package for these executives was over $7.2 million.
Unexercised Stock Option Packages in 1996
1. Stephen Wiggins, CEO, Oxford Health Plans, Inc.— $82,799,000
2. William McGuire, CEO, United HealthCare Corporation — $50,042,237
3. David Snow, Executive Vice President, Oxford Health Plans, Inc. — $23,888,000
4. William Sullivan, President, Oxford Health Plans, Inc.— $20,408,000
5. Alan Hoops, President and CEO, PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc. — $15,338,120
6. Robert Smoler, Executive Vice President, Oxford Health Plans, Inc.— $14,015,000
7. Wilson Taylor, Chairman and CEO, CIGNA Corporation— $12,057,758
8. Samuel Miller, Executive Vice President, United Wisconsin Services, Inc.— $9,340,174
9. Wayne Smith, Former President, Humana, Inc. — $9,170,060
10. Ronald Compton, Chairman and CEO, Aetna, Inc. — $8,466,861
11. Peter Ratican, CEO and President, Maxicare Health Plans, Inc. — $7,675,726
12. Eugene Froelich, Executive Vice President, Maxicare Health Plans, Inc.— $7,675,726
13. Jeffrey Folick, Executive Vice President, PacifiCare
Health Systems, Inc.
— $7,175,127
14. Leonard Schaeffer, Chairman and CEO, WellPoint Health
Networks, Inc.
— $7,173,773
15. James Stewart, Executive Vice President, CIGNA Corporation— $7,073,436
16. Travers Wills, COO, United HealthCare Corporation — $6,963,427
17. Gerald Isom, President, Property and Casualty, CIGNA Corporation— $6,394,629
18. Jeffrey Boyd, Executive Vice President, Oxford Health Plans, Inc.— $6,323,000
19. Malik Hasan, CEO, Health Systems International, Inc. — $5,998,062
20. Richard Huber, Vice Chairman, Aetna, Inc. — $5,289,951
21. Daniel Kearney, Executive Vice President, Aetna, Inc.— $5,006,625
22. George Jochum, President and CEO, Mid-Atlantic
Medical Services, Inc.
— $4,941,189
23. Wayne Lowell, Executive Vice President, PacifiCare
Health Systems, Inc.
— $4,775,598
24. H. Edward Hanway, President CIGNA HealthCare, CIGNA Corporation— $4,743,391
25. Daniel Crowley, CEO and President, Foundation Health Corporation— $4,621,590
The highest paid executive in each of the 20 companies received average compensation, exclusive of unexercised stock options, of $4.4 million in 1996. The median compensation for these 20 executives was $2.0 million. Taken together, these executives received a total of $87.3 million in compensation in 1996.
The executive with the largest valued unexercised stock options in each of the 20 companies had stock options worth, on average, $11.4 million in 1996. The median value of unexercised stock options was $5.5 million. Taken together, these executives held total stock options valued at over $227 million.
| Company | Highest 1996 Compensation By Company (Exclusive of Unexercised Stock Options) | Largest Valued Unexercised Stock Option Packages By Company |
| Name/Title Compensation | Name/Title Value of Unexercised Stock Options | |
| Aetna, Inc. | Joseph Sebastianelli, President $7,394,506 | Ronald E. Compton, Chairman and CEO $8,466,861 |
| ChoiceCare Corporation | Daniel Gregorie, President and CEO $940,800 | Daniel Gregorie, President and CEO $2,009,000 |
| CIGNA Corporation | Wilson Taylor, Chairman and CEO $11,568,410 | Wilson Taylor, Chairman and CEO $12,057,758 |
| Coventry Corporation | Lawrence Kugelman, Director, Former President and CEO9 $253,762 | Richard Jones, Senior Vice president $846,471 |
| FHP International, Inc. | Jeffrey Margolis, Senior Vice President $1,128,183 | Westcott Price III, CEO $2,513,580 |
| Foundation Health Corporation | Daniel Crowley, CEO and President $3,849,023 | Daniel Crowley, CEO and President $4,621,590 |
| Health Systems International, Inc. | Malik Hasan, CEO $2,002,760 | Malik Hasan, CEO $5,998,062 |
| Healthsource, Inc. | Charles Schneider, Executive Vice President and COO $630,195 | Norman Payson, CEO and President $1,682,800 |
| Humana, Inc. | Wayne Smith, Former President 10 $5,166,575 | Wayne Smith, Former President 10 $9,170,060 |
| Maxicare Health Plans, Inc. | Peter Ratican, Chairman, President, and CEO $632,622 | Peter Ratican, Chairman, President, and CEO $7,675,726 Eugene Froelich, Executive Vice President11 |
| Mid-Atlantic Medical Services, Inc. | George Jochum, President and CEO $6,526,065 | George Jochum, President and CEO $4,941,189 |
| Oxford Health Plans, Inc. | Stephen Wiggins, CEO $29,061,599 | Stephen Wiggins, CEO $82,799,000 |
| PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc. | Roger Taylor, Executive Vice President12 $4,103,864 | Alan Hoops, President and CEO $15,338,120 |
| Physician Corporation of America | Clifford Donnelly, Senior Vice President $679,966 | Donald Gessler, President and CEO, PCA Texas $587,449 |
| Physicians Health Services, Inc. | Robert Natt, President and Co CEO $528,867 | Robert Natt, President and Co CEO $1,340,910 |
| RightCHOICE Managed Care, Inc. | Roy Heimburger, CEO $426,630 | Roy Heimburger, CEO $361,846 |
| Sierra Health Services, Inc. | Erin MacDonald, President $585,748 | Anthony Marlon, CEO $497,801 |
| United HealthCare Corporation | Allen Wise, Executive Vice President13 $2,697,751 | William McGuire, CEO $50,042,237 |
| United Wisconsin Services, Inc. | Samuel Miller, Executive Vice President14 $2,089,173 | Samuel Miller, Executive Vice President14 $9,340,174 |
| WellPoint Health Networks, Inc. | Leonard Schaeffer, Chairman and CEO $7,010,698 | Leonard Schaeffer, Chairman and CEO $7,173,773 |
The 103 executives from the 20 publicly traded for-profit companies received, exclusive of unexercised stock options, $202.3 million for 1996, an average compensation of $2.0 million per executive.
The value of the unexercised stock options for these 103 executives exceeded $432 million and averaged $4.2 million per executive.
The average annual compensation for the five15 highest paid executives, exclusive of unexercised stock options, in each company in 1996 was:
Company Name- Average Compensation for Highest Paid Executives (1996)
Oxford Health Plans, Inc.— $11,691,132
Aetna, Inc.— $5,653,775
CIGNA Corporation— $5,076,446
WellPoint Health Networks, Inc.— $3,279,247
Foundation Health Corporation— $2,262,560
PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc.— $1,974,315
Mid-Atlantic Medical Services, Inc.— $1,853,639
Humana, Inc. — $1,466,361
United HealthCare Corporation — $921,914
FHP International, Inc. — $894,568
United Wisconsin Services, Inc.— $690,808
Health Systems International, Inc.— $660,852
ChoiceCare Corporation — $483,654
Healthsource, Inc.— $476,883
Maxicare Health Plans, Inc.— $473,181
Physician Corporation of America — $462,385
Sierra Health Services, Inc.— $372,715
Physicians Health Services, Inc. — $371,697
RightCHOICE Managed Care, Inc.— $290,392
Coventry Corporation — $239,675
The average value of unexercised stock options packages for the five15 highest paid executives in each company in 1996 was:
Company Name Average Value of Stock Options for Highest Paid
Oxford Health Plans, Inc. — $29,486,600
United HealthCare Corporation — $11,211,841
CIGNA Corporation — $6,943,679
PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc. — $5,464,329
Aetna, Inc. — $4,766,338
WellPoint Health Networks, Inc. — $3,833,345
Humana, Inc. — $3,810,284
Maxicare Health Plans, Inc. — $3,396,187
United Wisconsin Services, Inc. — $2,316,469
Foundation Health Corporation — $2,054,060
Health Systems International, Inc. — $2,019,132
Mid-Atlantic Medical Services, Inc. — $1,512,058
FHP International, Inc. — $1,303,299
Healthsource, Inc. — $1,122,770
Physicians Health Services, Inc. — $852,018
ChoiceCare Corporation — $842,960
Coventry Corporation — $444,009
Sierra Health Services, Inc.-- $332,842
Physician Corporation of America — $262,840
RightCHOICE Managed Care, Inc. — $245,261
Publicly traded for-profit managed care are considerably more cost conscious when they oppose the establishment of consumer rights than when they approve compensation for their top executives. For publicly traded managed care companies, remuneration in annual compensation and unexercised stock options for top executives routinely reaches millions of dollars. Indeed, for some companies, such remuneration reaches tens of millions of dollars.
The managed care and insurance industry's protestations about costs appear to be highly selective. While they argue that they will need to raise premiums to be able to provide basic protections for managed care consumers, their top executives make millions of dollars each year.
ENDNOTES 1 Kaiser/Harvard/Princeton Survey Research Associates, National Survey of Americans' Views on Managed Care, 1997.
2 Consumer Bill of Rights and Responsibilities, Report to the President of the United States, President's Advisory Commission on Consumer Protection and Quality in the Health Care Industry, November 1997.
3 Principles for Consumer Protection, Summary of Preliminary Statement of Principles for Consumer Protection, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Kaiser Permanente, HIP Health Plans, and Families USA. 4 Health Benefits Coalition news release, January 21, 1998. 5 See Millman, The Health Premium Impact of H.R. 1415/S. 644, the Patient Access to Responsible Care Act (PARCA), Muse and Associates, January 29, 1998. 6 "Consumer Bill of Rights Would Raise Costs by 0.3 Percent for Employers, CBO Projects," BNA's Health Care Policy Report (Washington, DC: Bureau of National Affairs, March 16, 1998). 7 Although HMO enrollment in one John Deere Health Care product was over 100,000, the report does not include John Deere Healthcare because neither healthcare nor insurance is its primary. 8 Because of job changes within the companies, three companies in the study reported compensation for six executives. Those companies are Humana, Inc., PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc., and United HealthCare Corporation. 9 Lawrence Kugelman served as interim President and CEO from December 14, 1995 to October 6, 1996. 10 Resigned July 10, 1996. 11 Both Mr. Ratican and Mr. Froelich had stock option packages valued at $7,675,726. This number was only counted once in the total.12 Dr. Roger Taylor resigned as an Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer of the Company effective June 28, 1996.
13 Mr. Wise was employed by the Company from October 1995 to October 1996 as an Executive Vice President. 14 Mr. Miller became an employee of United Wisconsin Services in November 1995, and compensation information reflects amounts earned since that time. 15 Because of job changes within the companies, three companies in the study reported compensation for six executives. Those companies are Humana, Inc., PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc., and United HealthCare Corporation.
This report analyzed 1996 compensation for the top executives at the 20 publicly traded companies that own 64 of the country's largest for-profit HMOs. Each of the HMOs included in the study was owned by a publicly traded health care company in 19961. While it would have been useful to track the salaries of nonprofit HMO executives and executives in private companies, these companies are not required to file executive compensation reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Only the publicly traded parent companies of for-profit HMOs with enrollments over 100,000 at the end of 1996 were included in the study.
The data used in this study were taken from the Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval (EDGAR) Database. EDGAR is available online at the SEC's website and includes all public companies' filings to the SEC. These companies are required to submit proxy statements reporting the compensation—including salaries, bonuses, stock options and other compensation—of their top five executive positions. If more than one person held the same position during the course of the year, both were included in the report.2
Total Annual Compensation Exclusive of Unexercised Stock Options
This amount was computed for each executive by adding together the following information from the SEC filings:
Salary: annual wages paid to the executive for the fiscal year.
Bonus: bonuses paid to the executive for the fiscal year.
Other Annual Compensation and All Other Annual Compensation: additional compensation given to the executive, which could include the company's contributions to a savings plan, tax reimbursements, transportation, relocation fees, a signing bonus, life insurance plans, and retirement plans.
Restricted Stock Awards: the value of shares given to the executive by the company during the year 1996. These shares are usually subject to restrictions; for example, the executive may not be able to sell them for a specified period of time. The dollar value is as reported in the proxy statements for the fiscal year and is not adjusted to reflect any of the stock restrictions.
Long Term Incentive Payouts: taxable payments in cash or stock to the executive for reaching a specified performance goal over a period longer than a year.
Value of Shares Acquired on Exercise: the value of stock options the executive exercised during 1996. The company computes this value by multiplying the number of shares acquired by the difference between the market price and the "exercise price" (see below).
The Value of Unexercised Stock Options
This amount was computed by adding together information from the SEC filings regarding stock option grants awarded to each executive. Stock option grants give these executives the right—but not the obligation—to buy or sell a specific amount of the company's stock at a specified price (the "strike price" or "exercise price") during some specified time period in the future. The IRS allows companies to deduct the transaction from taxable income.
Stock options are only valuable when the market price of the company's stock exceeds the "exercise price" of the option. For example, if an executive is awarded 100 stock options at an exercise price of $10 a share, and the market price is $30 a share, then the executive could buy 100 shares at $10 a share, reaping the $20 difference between the exercise price and market price for each share—or a total of $2,000. However, if the market price of the share is less than the exercise price, the stock options have no value. The value of unexercised stock options was computed for each executive by adding together the following:
Grant Date Present Value/Potential Realizable Value: the company's estimate
of the potential value of the stock options awarded to executives in 1996. Companies are permitted by the SEC to choose between two methods for reporting grant date present value for stock option grants awarded during the year. The company can report the stock option grants by either the Black-Scholes option pricing model or the potential realizable value method.
 | Black-Scholes option pricing model: a model used by market professionals to calculate the value of an option. It includes such variables as the stock price, the exercise price, and the expiration date. |
| Potential Realizable Value: the potential value of the stock option grants, calculated at hypothetical annual growth rates of 5 percent and 10 percent for the stock price over the term of the option—usually five or ten years. The company reports potential realizable value at both 5 percent and 10 percent in its proxy statements. For purposes of this study, the more conservative value of 5 percent was reported. |
Other Compensation from Stock Options: the current market value of stock options that were awarded to the executives prior to 1996. This includes:
| Value of Unexercised In-The-Money Options/SARS (Exercisable): value of the "in-the-money" stock option grants the executive has been awarded in the past that are fully vested and thus can be exercised at the time of the report. This value is the difference between the current market price and the exercise price. |
| Value of Unexercised In-The-Money Options/SARS (Unexercisable): the value of the "in-the-money" stock option grants that are not yet vested and that the executive can choose to exercise in the future. This value is the difference between the current market price and the "exercise" price for stock options that have not yet vested. For example, this would include options that a CEO has held for two years but whose terms require three years to pass before the options are available. |
1 Although HMO enrollment in one John Deere Health Care product was over 100,000 we did not include John Deere Healthcare in this study because its primary business is neither health care nor insurance.
2 Because of job changes within the companies, three companies in the study reported compensation for six executives. Those companies are Humana, Inc., PacifiCare Health Systems, Inc., and United HealthCare Corporation.
